Dof （DNA-binding with one finger） transcription factors are plant-specific regulators playing critical roles in plant response to environmental stresses. This study comprehensively identified MrDof gene family based on the genome-wide of Medicago ruthenica. We performed analyses including collinearity assessment， phylogenetic analysis， and chromosomal localization on the Dof family members. Furthermore， by integrating transcriptome data of M. ruthenica under drought stress and qRT-PCR validation， we explored the potential functions of these genes in drought stress responses. The results showed that a total of 33 MrDof genes were identified in M. ruthenica， and the number of amino acids encoded by these genes ranged from 157 to 492 aa. According to the evolutionary relationships among M. ruthenica， Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana， these genes were classified into eight distinct groups （Group A， B1， B2， C1， C2.1， C2.2， C3， D1 and D2）. The 33 genes were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes. Expression pattern analysis demonstrated that five genes （MrDof11， MrDof13， MrDof22， MrDof27， and MrDof30） were significantly induced by drought stress.

To investigate salt tolerance in alfalfa （Medicago sativa） germplasm， 30 alfalfa accessions of diverse origins were subjected to salt stress （200 mmol/L NaCl） for 15 days. Responses were evaluated through changes in seedling morphology， photosynthetic parameters， and physiological indices compared to control plants （CK， irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution）. The results demonstrated that NaCl treatment decreased plant height， leaf area， leaf relative water content， root activity， shoot dry weight， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， transpiration rate， stomatal conductance， net photosynthetic rate， intercellular CO₂ concentration， water use efficiency， catalase （CAT） activity， and potassium （K⁺） content relative to CK. Conversely， root dry weight， root-to-shoot ratio， stomatal limitation value， proline content， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， peroxidase （POD） activity， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， sodium （Na⁺） content， and the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio exhibited increases. Regression analysis identified stomatal conductance， root activity， root-to-shoot ratio， and Na⁺ content as critical indicators for salt tolerance evaluation. The clustering analysis based on the comprehensive evaluation value of the membership function shows that the 30 alfalfa accessions were classified into four distinct tolerance categories： high salt-tolerant， moderately salt-tolerant， low salt-tolerant， and salt-sensitive. Accessions 7254 and 7657 exhibited high salt tolerance.

Nutrient enrichment is a key driver of plant diversity loss in grassland ecosystems. However， the specific pathways and mechanisms underlying species diversity reduction under different nutrient additions influence remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen （N）， phosphorus （P）， and combined nitrogen and phosphorus （N+P） additions on alpine meadows located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau， using the natural community as a control. The main objective was to examine changes in species richness， biomass， and light transmission， and to elucidate the direct and indirect mechanisms contributing to species richness decline under these experimental treatments. The results showed as follows：（1） N was identified as the primary limiting nutrient for aboveground biomass. Both N and N+P additions significantly increased aboveground biomass （P<0.05）， primarily due to an increase in the biomass of grasses； （2） N and N+P additions significantly reduced species richness （P<0.05）， whereas P addition alone had no significant effect； （3） The mechanisms underlying the reduction in species richness under N and N+P treatments were consistent and involved both direct effects of nitrogen and indirect effects via increased aboveground biomass， which in turn reduced light availability.

This study investigated the effects of various fertilization treatments on natural mowing grassland in the Altay Mountains， combining field investigations with indoor laboratory analyses. The experiment included four fertilization measures：no fertilization （control）， compound fertilizer， organic fertilizer and bio-bacterial fertilizer. The primary objective was to assess these treatments on grassland plant community characteristics， soil nutrients， and soil microorganisms. The results showed as follows：（1） Compound fertilizer application significantly increased aboveground biomass （P<0.05）， but decreased underground biomass in the 0~10 cm soil layer. Bio-bacterial and organic fertilizers increased species diversity， while compound fertilizer reduced it. Notably， the Shannon-Wiener index was significantly higher under bio-bacterial fertilizer than under compound fertilizer （P<0.05）； （2） Fertilization significantly lowered soil pH and increased soil organic matter content. Organic fertilizer significantly increased available nitrogen content （P<0.05）， while compound fertilizer significantly raised available phosphorus and available potassium concentrations （P<0.05）； （3） Fertilization significantly increased the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and decreased fungal OTUs （P<0.05）， indicating shifts in microbial community structure and enhanced microbial diversity. A comprehensive evaluation using a membership function approach indicated that compound fertilizer had the most substantial effect in improving degraded natural meadows. These findings provide a scientific basis for enhancing the productivity and soil fertility of natural meadows through appropriate fertilization strategies.

To investigate the effect of biochar coating on the drought resistance of Astragalus adsurgens， this experiment established four sand bed moisture levels （2%， 3%， 5%， and 10%， with 10% as control） and four biochar coating mass ratios （biochar∶seed at 1∶15， 1∶10， 1∶5， and 1∶3）. Germination tests conducted in the sand beds were aimed to identify apporiate drought stress simulation conditions and to determine the optimal biochar coating formulation. Effects of biochar coating on seedling emergence， seedling growth， and antioxidant enzyme activities under drought stress were also assessed. The results indicated showed that， under 2% sand bed moisture condition， which simulated drought conditions， the biochar coating treatment with at a 1∶10 mass ratio （biochar∶seed， denoted as BC1-10） significantly increased （P<0.05） seedling emergence rate， fresh weight， root length， seedling length， and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Alfalfa （Medicago sativa） was introduced into China following Zhang Qian's diplomatic missions to the Western Region during the Han Dynasty. However， scholarly consensus regarding its precise provenance remains elusive. This study critically examines the origin of alfalfa in Han China by analyzing 43 historical texts from various periods that document its source， integrated with modern research findings. Our analysis reveals significant discrepancies in the proposed origins of Han-era alfalfa across ancient records and contemporary studies， coalescing into six primary hypotheses： （1） the Western Regions broadly； （2） Dayuan （Ferghana）； （3） Jibin （Kashmir region）； （4） Wusun； （5） Anxi （Parthia）； and （6） unspecified foreign lands. While Wang Yi of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the first scholar documented to explicitly associate alfalfa with the Western Regions， his era postdates those of Zhang Qian， Sima Qian， and Ban Gu. Consequently， the attribution solely to the broader Western Regions lacks substantive historiographical support. Alfalfa was firstly recorded in Shiji·Dayuan Liezhuan， and there were abundant similar records in the later historical books， that is， it is certain that the alfalfa in the Han Dynasty came from Dayuan and was brought from Dayuan by the Han envoys to the Western Regions. Although no extant texts explicitly record the introduction of alfalfa from Jibin to the Central Plains， the possibility cannot be entirely excluded following the initial introduction from Dayuan， as suggested by relevant accounts in the Hanshu （Book of Han）， Xiyu Zhuan （Account of the Western Regions）. The proposed origins from Wusun， Anxi， or other unspecified foreign lands lack convincing support from primary historical sources and warrant further validation.

The response of grassland plants to grazing pressure and their subsequent growth dynamics are critical for maintaining ecosystem stability. As the primary interface for grazing interactions， leaf growth status is not only regulated by external environmental factors， but also significantly influenced by the metabolic activities of epiphytic microorganisms. This research investigated the responses of epiphytic microbial community characteristics of dominate species to grazing in temperate typical grasslands of northern China. High-throughput sequencing technology was applied to analyze the diversity and community composition of phyllosphere bacterial and fungal of Leymus chinensis， Stipa grandis， and Cleistogenes squarrosa. Results showed that：（1） Under both grazing and enclosure conditions， the epiphytic microbial communities of all three plant species were consistently dominated by bacterial phyla including Pseudomonadota， Bacillota， Bacteroidota， Actinobacteriota， and Acidobacteriota， along with fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Notably， grazing disturbance significantly reduced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in L. chinensis phyllosphere communities， creating ecological niches for colonization of other microbial taxa. Under grazing conditions， concurrently， a significant reduced in Filobasidium abundance within fungal communities of L. chinensis was observed， This change may reduce the risk of plant disease. （2） Under grazing conditions， the phyllosphere exhibited an enrichment of unique microbial taxa. Thermotogota was detected for the first time in bacterial communities of L. chinensis， while Kickxellomycota was identified as novel colonizer in fungal communities of C. squarrosa. These newly identified microbial taxa may significantly influence the adaptability and functional diversity of phyllosphere microenvironments. （3） The responses of functional classification in phyllosphere fungi to grazing and host specificity were significantly stronger. Under grazing conditions， relative abundance of pathogenic fungal decreased， whereas beneficial fungi increased， indicating that grazing may indirectly suppress pathogen proliferation by altering the phyllosphere microenvironment. In conclusion， effects of grazing directly alters phyllosphere microbial community structure by modifying host plant characteristics and their associated microenvironments， ultimately increasing microbial diversity and the proportion of beneficial microorganisms.

Monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem health in nature reserves is a prerequisite for improving the health management of the reserves. To improve the limitations of traditional field survey means， remote sensing indicators were applied in this research to carry out ecosystem health evaluation of grassland ecosystems in nine national nature reserves located in Inner Mongolia. The ecosystem health evaluation index system was constructed based on the three dimensions of vitality， organization and resilience （VOR） by selecting the ideal reference system. In addition， weights of each indicator in different grassland types were calculated by the Critic weight analysis algorithm， and the grassland ecosystem health evaluation and grading levels （excellent-good-moderate-unhealthy） in Inner Mongolia'National Nature Reserves were distinguished. Finally， differences in ecosystem health among the three main grassland types in the reserves， meadow steppe， typical steppe and wetland steppe， were compared for both 2000-2009 and 2010-2019 time periods. Results showed that： （1） All grassland ecosystems in nine National Nature Reserves in Inner Mongolia were healthy， with 22% as excellent， 44% as good， and 33% as medium. （2） Different grassland ecosystems in reserves were all at healthy levels. However， some of the grassland ecosystems in the reserves were still at a moderate level on the dimension of resilience， lower than expected. Thus， enhanced management and protection at the reserve aspect will be required. （3） The ecosystem health of the grassland ecosystems in the reserves was stable and improving in 2010-2019 period compared to 2000-2009. Evaluation indicator system and results in this study can provide important support for health management in reserves and scientific decision-making.

Effects of acetosyringone （AS）， cefotaxime （Cef）， and the herbicide phosphinothricin （PPT） on genetic transformation of Haloxylon ammodendron seeds were explored after optimizing of Agrobacterium species， concentration， and infection time. The results showed that the Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 was the optimal strain for H. ammodendron seed infection. H. ammodendron seeds with artificial wounds were infected in Agrobacterium suspension （OD₆₀₀=0.6） for 10 min. After co-cultivation on the medium （MS+150 µmol/L AS） for 2 d， the seeds were transferred to the delayed selection medium containing cefotaxime （MS+250 mg/L Cef） for 10-14 d. Final selection was conducted on medium containing phosphinothricin （MS+250 mg/L Cef+1.0 mg/L PPT） for 21-28 d. H.ammodendron seedlings with PPT resistance were obtained. Plants with transgenic-positive were identified by PCR detection and GUS staining， with a transformation rate ranged from 1.6% to 5.2%.

This study investigated the effects of exogenous 2， 4-epibrassinolide （EBR） on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Prunella vulgaris under drought stress， to provide a theoretical basis for its efficient cultivation in arid regions. Seeds of P. vulgaris were soaked with EBR solutions at different concentrations （0， 0.01， 0.05， 0.10， and 0.20 μmol/L）， and then germinated under drought simulation by 20% polyethylene glycol （PEG-6000） to investigate effects of EBR on seed germination. The results indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of P.vulgaris. Meanwhile， antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of osmotic regulatory substances were increased by drought stress， with electrolyte leakage in seedlings and a decrease in photosynthetic pigment content. After the treatment with 0.01-0.20 μmol/L EBR， seed germination and seedling growth under drought stress were improved. EBR treatment further enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities， soluble protein content， and soluble sugar content in seedlings， while reducing relative electrical conductivity， and promoting photosynthetic pigment accumulation. When the EBR soaking concentration increased from 0.01 to 0.20 μmol/L， the alleviation effect initially intensified and then declined. The comprehensive evaluation revealed that the effects of different concentrations of EBR on the seed germination and seedling growth of Prunella vulgaris under drought stress are followed the order of 0.10 μmol/L treatment>0.05 μmol/L treatment>0.01 μmol/L treatment>0.20 μmol/L treatment， with the 0.10 μmol/L treatment being the most effective.

Effective restoration measures such as organic fertilizer application and no-tillage reseeding， can significantly influence the composition and stability of soil aggregates and ecosystem nutrient cycling processes in degraded alpine meadows of the Yellow River Basin. In this research， effects of different restoration measures on soil aggregate composition， aggregate stability， and carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus content of soil aggregates and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics were determined to provide fundamental data for understanding changes in soil structure and function during vegetation restoration of degraded alpine meadows in the Yellow River Basin， and to offer essential references for ecosystem restoration and reconstruction. In 2020， three ecological restoration measures， organic fertilizer application （F）， no-tillage reseeding （S）， and combination of organic fertilizer application and no-tillage reseeding （F+S） were conducted in degraded alpine meadows for a three-year field trial， with untreated meadows serving as controls （CK）. Results demonstrated that compared with CK， S significantly increased silt and clay aggregate content （P<0.05）， while F+S significantly increased micro-aggregate content （P<0.05）. Conversely， S significantly inhibited mean weight diameter （MWD） （P<0.05）. Total nitrogen and phosphorus content in micro-aggregates were increased by F+S （P<0.05）， whereas organic carbon contents in micro-aggregates and silt and clay aggregates were reduced by S significantly （P<0.05）. For carbon-to-phosphorus ratios， increases were found in micro-aggregates and silt and clay aggregates under F and F+S （P<0.05）， while the ratio in meso-aggregates was risen by S （P<0.05）. Additionally， nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in all aggregate compositions were increased by F and F+S （P<0.05）. The organic carbon content in micro-aggregates and silt and clay aggregates significantly affect macro-aggregate and silt and clay aggregate content， MWD， and geometric mean diameter （GMD） （P<0.01）. In conclusion， after three years of treatment， the soil aggregate properties and major chemical characteristics of degraded alpine meadows in the Yellow River Basin were effectively improved by organic fertilizer application and no-tillage reseeding treatments， with the organic fertilizer application+no-tillage reseeding combination being considered as the most optimal restoration mode.

In order to investigate the root-specific genes regulating root growth of alfalfa （Medicago sativa），transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze differentially expressed genes （DEGs） and their functions between the aerial parts （stems and leaves） and root system of alfalfa cultivar Zhongmu No. 1. The results showed that compared to aerial parts，a total of 15258 DEGs were identified in root system，including 5095 up-regulated and 10163 down-regulated. The GO functional annotation demonstrated significant enrichment of these DEGs in cellular process，metabolic regulation，and biocatalytic activities. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of these DEGs in pathways related to porphyrins and chlorophyll metabolism，photosynthesis-antenna protein synthesis，and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six candidate up-regulated genes exhibiting significant differential expression were selected for real-time quantitative PCR validation. The results indicated high concordance between their expression patterns and transcriptome sequencing data.

This research aimed to explore the alleviating effects of exogenous abscisic acid （ABA） and hydrogen sulfide （H₂S） treatments on aluminum toxicity in perennial ryegrass.Growth and photosynthetic parameters of perennial ryegrass 'Mathilde' seedlings exposed to 500 mg/kg aluminum stress were measured under five treatments： CK，aluminum （Al），Al+0.4 mmol/L ABA，Al+1.2 mmol/L H₂S，and Al+0.4 mmol/L ABA+1.6 mmol/L H₂S. The results showed that the growth of ryegrass was significantly inhibited under aluminum stress，with 43.33% decrease of the root length compared with CK. Compared to aluminum treatment alone，exogenous ABA and H₂S significantly increased root length，plant height，aboveground and underground biomass of ryegrass. Specifically，the root lengths under the ABA treatment，H₂S treatment，and ABA+H₂S treatment were increased by 63.92%，58.83%，and 71.37%，respectively，and the plant heights were increased by 18.86%，27.43%，and 33.71%，respectively. Individual or combined application of exogenous ABA and H₂S significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，and total chlorophyll. In addition，the intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased significantly，while the net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate increased significantly. Among them，after the combined addition of ABA and H₂S，the chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate increased the most. In contrast，individual application of ABA induced transpiration rate even exceeded that of the CK. Exogenous ABA and H₂S were considered to mitigate aluminum-induced growth inhibition in perennial ryegrass，to enhance leaf photosynthetic pigments accumulation，to reduce photosystem damage，and to improve photosynthesis. Comprehensive evaluation revealed that the aluminum toxicity mitigation effects followed the order of ABA+H₂S>ABA>H₂S.

This research aims to investigate the effects of different radiation doses of ⁶⁰Co-γ ray on seed germination and seedling establishment of timothy （Phleum pratense）， and to determine the optimal mutagen dose. Timothy seeds were exposed to different doses of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation （100， 150， 200， 250， 300， 350， and 400 Gy） and non-irradiated seeds were served as the control. The results showed that all radiation doses decreased germination percentage， germination energy， and germination index. Radicle and plumule lengths decreased with the increasing radiation doses， except that plumule lengths increased at 100， 150， and 200 Gy and 100 Gy increased radicle length. Aboveground morphology parameters （plant height， leaf width， and tiller number）， root development parameters （total root length， root surface area， root volume， and root average diameter）， and chlorophyll content in timothy seedlings all exhibited an trend of initial increase followed by a decline. Linear regression analysis， determined the semi-lethal dose （LD₅₀） of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation for dry timothy seeds was to be 204.2 Gy.

As a typical inland arid region， Xinjiang faces widespread soil challenges including desertification， salinization-alkalization， and fertility depletion， all of which significantly constrain high-quality forage production. To explore suitable strip planting patterns for high-quality forage in this region， this research was conducted during 2023-2024 on moderately saline-alkaline soil in Southern Xinjiang using drip irrigation under plastic mulch with precision seeding above mulch. With sorghum-sudangrass （Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense） monoculture （MS） and sesbania （Sesbania cannabina （Retz.） Pers.） monoculture （MC） as controls， four strip cropping patterns with different row ratios were established： 2∶2 （S₂C₂）， 4∶2 （S₄C₂）， 4∶4 （S₄C₄）， and 6∶4 （S₆C₄）. Fresh forage yield， quality， and agronomic traits of sorghum-sudangrass were determined using conventional methods. The results showed that the optimal row ratio configuration significantly enhanced the agronomic traits of sorghum-sudangrass， while both forage yield and quality in intercropping were improved. Under the S₄C₂ ratio， plant height of sorghum-sudangrass was the highest. The mixed fresh forage yield was also the highest， whose yield was 17.03% （P<0.05） higher compared with MS， with a two-year average of 127.16 t/hm². Crude protein content， neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content under S₄C₂ were higher compared with MS， whereas the pH was the lowest. Total volatile fatty acid content was relatively higher， with a two-year average of 147.76 mmol/L. Dry matter disappearance rate of S₄C₂ was significantly higher compared with other treatments （P<0.05）， with a 53.65 g/kg of two-year average. Maximum land equivalent ratio reached 1.22. Comprehensive evaluation revealed that the 4∶2 sorghum-sudangrass to sesbania strip intercropping ratio was the optimal recommended for application in arid desert oasis regions such as Southern Xinjiang.

To investigate the mitigation effect of externally applied γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） on the growth of alfalfa seedlings under drought stress， this study explored five new drought-resistant alfalfa lines （P1， P2， P3， P4， and P5） and five drought-sensitive materials （15354， 7657， 7470， 7740， and 15578）. With normal water supply as the control （CK）， drought stress was simulated using the previously screened stress intensity （-1.6 MPa PEG-6000）. Under this drought stress treatment， exogenous GABA was applied at concentrations of 0， 5， 10， and 15 mmol/L （designated as T1， T2， T3， and T4， respectively） to analyze their effects on the physiological characteristics of alfalfa seedlings. Results showed that external GABA application significantly increased superoxide dismutase， peroxidase， catalase， leaf relative water content， and root activity in alfalfa under drought stress， while the content of proline， soluble sugar， soluble protein， malondialdehyde， hydrogen peroxide， and the production rate of superoxide anion were decreased. Membership function analysis revealed the optimal alleviation of GABA on drought-stressed alfalfa under the T3 treatment， with significantly stronger mitigation effect on sensitive genotypes compared with drought-resistant lines. The results provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of GABA in drought-tolerant cultivation of alfalfa.

In order to investigate the effects of different mowing stubble heights and fertilization on the dominant species and soil trace element contents in meadow grassland， this research focused on Hulunbeier meadow steppe. Trace element contents of the dominant species Leymus chinensis and the surface soil （0～10 cm） were determined under the following treatment combinations：six mowing stubble heights （3， 6， 9， 12， 15 cm， and no mowing） and two fertilization levels （no fertilization and fertilization）. The results showed that mowing significantly increased （P<0.05） the total soil manganese （Mn） content. Fertilization significantly reduced （P<0.05） iron （Fe）， copper （Cu）， zinc （Zn）， molybdenum （Mo） contents of L. chinensis， whereas total Mn and Zn contents， available Zn and Mo contents， and effective coefficients of Mn， Zn， and Mo in soil were increased （P<0.05）. The interaction of mowing and fertilization did not affect the contents of Fe， Mn， Cu， Zn， Mo and boron （B） significantly. The highest total soil Mn content of 435.4 mg/kg was observed with the 12 cm stubble height under no fertilization treatment. When fertilization was applied， the highest Fe （191.6 mg/kg）， Mn （35.5 mg/kg）， Zn （10.8 mg/kg）， and B （4228.3 mg/kg） contents in L. chinensis were recorded， at the 6 cm stubble height， while available contents of Fe （126.7 mg/kg）， Mn （94.5 mg/kg）， Cu （1.4 mg/kg） and Mo （1.3 mg/kg） in soil reached maximum values with the 12 cm stubble height. Fertilizer application with 12 cm stubble height increased the effective coefficients of soil Mn， Zn， Mo and B by 0.1， 0.2， 0.4 and 1.9×10^-4， respectively. Compared with the treatment without fertilization， fertilization at a stubble height of 12 cm increased the contents of Fe， Mn， Cu and B of L. chinensis. This research can provide a practical reference for the establishing sustainable mowing system in meadow steppe.

In order to explore the effects of different nitrogen levels on photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus secalinus in Northern Shanxi， this experiment was conducted on the experiment platform established in 2017 for different nitrogen addition levels in Youyu Loess Plateau Grassland Ecosystem National Research Station， Shanxi Province. Morphological characteristics， chlorophyll content， and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured to reveal the response of L. secalinus to nitrogen addition in Northern Shanxi Province. The results showed that：（1） leaf length， leaf width， leaf thickness， and leaf area of L. secalinus exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with the rising of nitrogen addition level， peaking under the N8 or N16 treatment. （2） Nitrogen addition had significant effects （P<0.001） on chlorophyll a， b and total chlorophyll contents， whereas carotenoids content was not affected significantly. （3） The net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， transpiration rate （T_r）， stomatal conductance （G_s）， intercellular CO₂ concentration （C_i） of L. secalinus leaves increased initially and followed by a decrease with nitrogen addition， while stomatal limitation value and water use efficiency exhibited opposite trends. （4） The net photosynthetic rate had positive correlations with leaf thickness， stomatal limitation value， and water use efficiency （P<0.001）， while a negative correlation was found in P_n with leaf length， leaf width， carotenoids content， intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance （P<0.001）. Nitrogen addition influenced leaf net photosynthetic rate by modifying leaf morphological traits， chlorophyll content， and gas exchange parameters. In conclusion， the appropriate amount of nitrogen addition can promote the growth and photosynthetic capacity of L. secalinus in Northern Shanxi. This research provides data support for the research on grassland ecosystem service under the nitrogen deposition scenarios.

In order to explore the effects of drought stress on agronomic traits of different alfalfa varieties （strains）， 12 alfalfa varieties （strains） were used as materials in this study， pot experiments were carried out in greenhouse and two treatments of drought stress and rewatering were conducted at seedling stage， the agronomic traits （plant height， aboveground fresh and dry weight， root length， root fresh and dry weight， root shoot ratio， stem diameter， root diameter， branch number） of alfalfa materials after treatment were determined， and through the comprehensive drought resistance coefficient， principal component comprehensive evaluation， grey correlation degree and drought resistance index for comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance ability. The results showed that the new strain 1 had the highest drought resistance coefficient in aboveground fresh weight， aboveground dry weight， plant height， root length and branch number， the drought resistance coefficient of stem diameter of new strain 2， the drought resistance coefficient of root diameter of Gannong No.7 and drought resistance coefficient of root fresh weight and root shoot ratio of Zhongtian No.3 were the highest， the drought resistance coefficient of aboveground fresh weight，aboveground dry weight， root fresh weight， root dry weight， plant height， root length and branch number of Zhongmu No.3 was the lowest， the drought resistance coefficient of stem diameter in Gannong No.3 and drought resistance coefficient of root shoot ratio in Zhongtian No.2 were the smallest. The comprehensive drought resistance coefficient， principal component comprehensive evaluation， grey correlation degree and cluster analysis showed that the new strain 1， Zhongtian No.3 and Zhongmu No.1 had strong drought resistance. The drought-resistant germplasms identified by the Drought Resistance Index （DRI） method were new strain 1， Zhongtian No.3， new strain 3， Zhongmu No.1， and Gannong No.7， all of which displayed DRIs greater than 1. Comprehensive evaluation across multiple methods revealed that new strain 1， Zhongtian No.3， and Zhongmu No.1 possessed the strongest drought resistance.

To evaluate the differences in drought adaptability and post-drought recovery among various bermudagrass （Cynodon dactylon） germplasms， this study assessed seven physiological indices in 18 germplasms under drought stress and subsequent rewatering， using a natural drought simulation method. The study aimed to clarify the variations in drought resistance and recovery capacity， identify superior germplasm， and determine key indicators through grey correlation analysis. The results showed that by the 12th day of drought， the contents of leaf chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， total chlorophyll， and relative water content decreased significantly， whereas relative electrical conductivity， malondialdehyde， and proline contents increased significantly. Membership function analysis revealed that the D value for drought stress ranged from 0.056 to 0.725， while the D value for recovery after drought ranged from 0.239 to 0.828. Under drought stress conditions， germplasms C136， C75， and C92 showed higher D values （0.725、0.670、0.537， respectively）. In terms of post-drought recovery， C121， C92 and C136 had the highest D values （0.828、0.767、0.721， respectively）. Among the germplasms， the drought resistance and post-drought recovery capabilities of C136， C92， C100 and C22 were all higher than those of the four control variety. Grey correlation analysis indicated that chlorophyll a content was highly correlated with drought resistance， while leaf relative water content was highly correlated with post-drought recovery ability. These parameters can serve as important indicators for evaluating drought tolerance in bermudagrass.

To evaluate the salt tolerance of eight Trifolium repens germplasms，this study applied a continuous salt stress treatment using saline water with an electrical conductivity （EC） of 12 dS/m，while a nutrient solution （EC=0.8 dS/m） as the control. Morphological，physiological，and photosynthetic traits were determined to provide baseline data for breeding salt-tolerant T. repens varieties. The results showed that saline irrigation significantly inhibited seedling growth and photosynthesis across all germplasms，reducing plant height，stem diameter，branch number，leaf length，leaf width，petiole length，net photosynthetic rate （Pn），transpiration rate （Tr），stomatal conductance （Gs），and intercellular CO₂ concentration （Ci） to varying degrees. In contrast，soluble sugar，proline，and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） contents increased significantly （P<0.01）. Germplasm TRYJ010 exhibited minimum reductions in plant height，Pn，Tr，and Gs，together with the greatest increase in soluble sugar and the smallest increase in H₂O₂. Conversely，germplasm TRYJ065 showed pronounced declines in plant height and Pn，the smallest increase in proline，and the largest reductions in Tr and Gs. Principal component analysis indicated H₂O₂ content，plant height，Pn，and branch number as key indicators of salt tolerance. Based on D-value comprehensive evaluation，the salt tolerance ranking was： TRYJ010>XJ03>Kaola>TRYJ014>XJ08>XJ07>XJ04>TRYJ065. Among them，TRYJ010 represents a promising parental line for breeding salt-tolerant T. repens varieties in Xinjiang.

Following the implementation of two cycles of the Grassland Subsidy and Reward Policy （GSRP）， optimizing its design and execution to simultaneously enhance herder livelihoods and restore steppe ecosystem services remains a critical challenge. This study investigated stocking rate responses among herders in China's desert steppe region， employing stratified random sampling across six pastoral townships combined with satellite remote sensing data. Structural equation modeling and statistical analysis were used to assess stocking rates under the GSRP framework. The results showed that the GSRP exerted the strongest influence on stocking rates relative to other factors. Stocking rates exhibited an exponential decline in response to increases in both the total subsidy amount and its proportion within household income； however， the rate of decline moderated beyond specific thresholds. Based on the fitting equation， the amount of grassland compensation （¥29296.93） and its income proportion （23.79%） were calculated with the stocking rate of 1 sheep unit/hm² as the reference value， and the herder groups were divided accordingly， the response characteristics of different herder groups to the grassland subsidy policy were analyzed. Results identified herder groups receiving subsidies below ¥29296.93 with a subsidy proportion below 23.79% as optimal responders， demonstrating rapid stocking rate reduction with increasing subsidies. Herder groups falling into either of the two intermediate categories （subsidy<¥29296.93 and proportion>23.79%； or subsidy>¥29296.93 and proportion<23.79%） were moderate responders， representing key targets for enhanced policy effectiveness. Herder groups falling into either of the two intermediate categories （subsidy<¥29296.93 and proportion>23.79%； or subsidy>¥29296.93 and proportion<23.79%） had limited response to the policy， it is the target groups to improve the effectiveness of the subsidy measures in the next step. However， the herder groups receiving subsidies exceeding ¥29296. 93 with a proportion above 23.79% had no obvious response to the policy. The next step should be to focus funding on groups that are more responsive to policy. Moving forward， GSRP optimization in desert steppe regions should elevate subsidy benchmarks， integrate household economic characteristics into policy design， and implement tailored strategies for distinct herder groups.

To explore the effects of different grazing intensities on soil microbial biomass in alpine meadow，this study investigated the variation characteristics in soil microbial biomass and interactions between soil physicochemical properties and microbial parameters including biomass，microbial quotient，and stoichiometric ratios under no grazing （CK），light grazing （LG），moderate grazing （MG），heavy grazing （HG），and extreme grazing （EG） conditions in the alpine meadow of Tianzhu Zangzu Autonomous County on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that both microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and phosphorus （MBP） reached the maximum levels under LG，which were significantly higher compared with EG condition （P<0.05）. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN） was highest under HG，followed by MG，while MBN was significantly lower under EG compared with HG （P<0.05）. Soil microbial quotient carbon （qMBC），microbial quotient phosphorus （qMBP） and the MBC∶MBN ratio were all highest under LG，whereas microbial quotient nitrogen （qMBN），MBC∶MBP ratio，and MBN∶MBP ratio were highest under MG. Soil bulk density emerged as the predominant factor influencing microbial biomass，microbial quotients，and their stoichiometric ratios. These findings indicate that both light and moderate grazing intensities benefit the accumulation of microbial biomass and promote efficient utilization and transformation of soil nutrient in alpine meadows. In contrast，extreme grazing leads to soil fertility decreasing and a reduction of microbial biomass. A win-win scenario of ecology sustainability and economic benefits will be achieved when apporiate grazing intensities adopted.

The overexploitation of agro-pastoral systems has driven widespread grassland reclamation in northern China，accelerating soil carbon and nutrient depletion. However，the mechanisms underlying the responses of soil organic carbon （SOC） and its fractions to grassland cultivation remain unclear. In this study，we investigated the effects of grassland reclamation on soil physicochemical properties and SOC fractions across three representative sites in the agro-pastoral ecotone： Jianping （Liaoning），Youyu （Shanxi），and Yuzhong （Gansu）. Cultivation significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen but reduced SOC content by 24.17%. Among SOC fractions，labile free particulate organic carbon （fPOC） decreased significantly，whereas occluded particulate organic carbon （oPOC） and mineral-associated organic carbon （MAOC） remained unchanged. Random forest analysis identified soil electrical conductivity，moisture，and the carbon-to-nitrogen （C/N） ratio as the primary regulators of SOC and its fractions. Specifically，SOC and MAOC were mainly influenced by soil electrical conductivity and moisture，while the C/N ratio was the dominant driver of SOC and fPOC dynamics. Overall，grassland cultivation selectively depleted labile carbon pools while maintaining oPOC and MAOC，a process largely mediated by shifts in soil electrical conductivity，moisture，and the C/N ratio，ultimately reshaping SOC distribution and stability.

To investigate the genetic variation characteristics and agronomic potential of the polycotyledon trait in alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.），this study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of alfalfa cotyledonous mutations under field cultivation. Eleven agronomic quantitative traits were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test，mean analysis method，and the entropy-weight TOPSIS method. The results showed that： （1） The polycotyledonous mutation rate in the test population was 1.44%，with 29 phenotypic variation patterns were identified；（2） the B8 type （tricotyledon-one unifoliolate true leaf-normal main stem-erect branches） exhibited the highest mutation rate （41.28%），followed by the B2 type （dicotyledon-two unifoliolate true leaves-normal main stem-erect branches） at 8.74%；（3） Mean analysis indicated that differences among variant types were mainly associated with branch number and plant height；（4） The entropy-weight TOPSIS evaluation ranked the B2 type highest （score： 0.8389），followed by the B8 type （0.6297），whereas the B12 type （tricotyledon-one unifoliolate true leaf-clustered branch） scored lowest. This study provides the first systematically characterization of phenotypic diversity and agronomic polycotyledonous alfalfa variants and offers novel mutant germplasm resources for breeding innovation.

In order to explore the effects of litter on the plant community characteristics and functional groups of desert steppe， this research focused on Stipa breviflora desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. A field control litter experiment （including no addition （CK）， adding 83.3 g/m² litter， and adding 166.6 g/m²） was conducted on degraded steppe under overgrazing for more than a decade. The results showed that the addition of litter improved community height， coverage， density and aboveground biomass under the adding 83.3 g/m² litter treatment， and the community height， coverage and aboveground biomass increased significantly by 2 cm， 3% and 9 g/m²， respectively. Plant community indices such as Simpson dominance index， Shannon-Wiene diversity index， Pielou evenness index and Margalef richness index were also increased significantly. The addition of litter enhanced the competition of perennial bunch grasses between perennial rhizome grasses and perennial forbs. Plants adapted to the environmental changes by altering the occupancy ratio of the functional groups. The addition of 83.3 g/m² litter had a more significant effect on plant community of the desert steppe. In conclusion， the input of appropriate amount of litter can help the recovery of degraded grassland by influencing the diversity of the community and the relationship between functional groups to promote the positive growth of grassland.

Nitrogen deposition represents a critical driver of nitrous oxide （N₂O） emissions in global terrestrial ecosystems， with profound implications for climate change prediction. Although numerous studies have investigated soil N₂O emissions patterns in response to nitrogen addition， controversies persist regarding the regulatory mechanisms and driving factors. Through a meta-analysis intergrading the 87 global studies， we demonstrate that nitrogen addition significantly enhances soil N₂O emissions. This effect is particularly pronounced under high nitrogen application rate （>200 kg/hm² year）， in low-precipitation regions （≤400 mm annual rainfall）， and with short-term and moderate-term nitrogen application （≤3 years）. Our analysis identified nitrogen input level， mean annual precipitation， and ecosystem type as the dominant factors controlling global N₂O emissions， providing a scientific foundation for developing targeted emission mitigation strategies.

In the context of global climate change， the impact of extreme climate on grassland productivity has attracted extensive attention of academics and research institutions worldwide. In order to investigate hotspots in this research field and assess the state of current international research frontiers， this article exported literature data from the core database of Web of Science， and visualized with CiteSpace to analyze and summarize the status of international research on the impact of extreme climate on grassland productivity. The results demonstrated an increasing trend in research publications from 1992 to 2023 regarding the impact of extreme climate on grassland productivity， especially a rapid increase from 2019 to 2023. Collaborative teams were assembled by authors， though connections between different teams were not solid as expect. Scholars from both China and the United States have published over 200 academic papers， which leading the field of effects of extreme climate on grassland productivity. Over the past two years， Lanzhou University， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences have played crucial roles in the research of effects of extreme climate on grassland productivity. A comprehensive analysis of hotspots and frontiers reveals that research in recent three years primarily focused on the impact of extreme drought on grassland productivity， as well as the legacy effects of extreme climate on grassland. Future research on grassland extreme climate should pay more attention on a thorough analysis of complex extreme climate， and elucidate the role of biodiversity and biological interactions in regulating ecosystem for the response to extreme climate events.

Shrub encroachment， which significantly alters structure and function of grassland ecosystems， is a critical ecological issue in China. To obtain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the research trends on shrub encroachment research in China， this study conducted a bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace and a meta-analysis based on published literatures on shrub encroachment in China since 1970s. Research on shrub encroachment in China had developed rapidly in recent years， with a primary focus on the drivers of shrub encroachment and its impacts on soil， vegetation， and biodiversity. Studies on shrub encroachment in China had been predominantly conducted in drylands and alpine regions. Major drivers of shrub encroachment included grazing management， climate change， habitat characteristics， and fire. Shrub encroachment was found to have a negative impact on soil quality but a positive effect on community composition， as well as the structure of vegetation and microbial communities in China. The primary management techniques for shrub encroachment included grazing exclusion， grazing management， physical removal， and prescribed burning. This study provides scientific insight into the drivers， impact， and future management strategies for shrub encroachment in Chinese grassland. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen large-scale dynamic assessments of shrub encroachment across diverse grassland types， and integrate remote sensing technology to enhance the scientificity and effectiveness of monitoring and management of encroached landscape in China.

Artemisia ordosica is an important sand-fixing plant distributed in northern China， which plays an important role in the protection of regional ecological environment. In this study， 198 and 180 individuals from 10 natural populations of A. ordosica were sequenced based on two orthologous single-copy nuclear genes， respectively， to explore their genetic structure and population history dynamics， and provide references for further revealing the migration and evolution of Artemisia sand plants under climate oscillations. The results showed that 46 and 42 haplotypes were detected in the two nuclear genes c7874 and c9065， respectively. The total haplotype diversity （H _d） was 0.9440 and 0.8984， respectively， and the haplotype diversity of each group was 0.9192-0.9705 and 0.8578-0.9385， respectively， indicating higher genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis revealed that more than 99% of the genetic variation in A. ordosica existed within the population， and the inter-population differentiation was very small. Haplotype distribution did not show a significant phylogeographical structure （N _st>G _st， P>0.05）. The results of neutral tests and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that A. ordosica experienced population expansion， and the population expansion was more obvious in the eastern， southern， and western parts of the distribution areas.

In order to clarify the effect of grazing utilization on the important value of dominant population and species diversity in the desert steppe after spring rest grazing， this study was conducted on the Stipa breviflora grassland in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia. Results revealed that the species diversity of plant communities was reduced following the order of CK （no grazing）， SA1 （spring rest grazing+summer heavy grazing+autumn suitable grazing） and SA2 （spring rest grazing+summer suitable grazing+autumn heavy grazing）. Grazing increased the correlation between the important value of different dominant species and the species diversity of plant communities. Although the grazing utilization methods of SA1 and SA2 have similar influence processes， the overall correlation between the important value of dominant populations and species diversity indicated that the effect of dominant populations and species diversity on plant communities under SA1 was greater than SA2. Therefore， the grazing management of spring rest grazing+summer heavy grazing+autumn suitable grazing can maintain the structure and function of grassland plant community through a strong correlation between the important value of dominant populations and species diversity.

The production performance and nutritional value of alfalfa remain pivotal concerns in the alfalfa industry development.This study evaluated 36 alfalfa accessions （31 cultivated varieties and 5 wild germplasms） using Grey Correlation Analysis.The results revealed significant differences （P<0.05） in both agronomic performance and forage quality parameters among the 36 alfalfa accessions. Hay yield of alfalfa ranged from 5380.74 to 12663.31 kg/hm²， with the high-yielding accession M10 demonstrating the highest fresh forage yield （54457.13 kg/hm²）. Notably， the medium-yielding accession M7 exhibited superior nutritional profiles with 19.03% of crude protein， while M11 had the highest relative feed value of 152.76. Accessions were selected by comprehensive analysis of grey correlation as three utilization categories：nine as superior， 25 as moderate， and 2 as inferior. Furthermore， wild alfalfa germplasm M31 and M32 exhibited superior comprehensive evaluation scores， demonstrating significant breeding potential for cultivar development. This research provides reference for alfalfa cultivar introduction in Urumqi County and supplies outstanding germplasm resources for development and utilization of native alfalfa in Xinjiang.

In order to analyze the invasion mechanism of poisonous grass in alpine meadow of northwest Yunnan from the perspective of soil microbial diversity， this study focused on patches dominated by Ligularia dictyoneura， Euphorbia jolkinii， and Poa pratensis （control）， to explore the effects of poisonous grass invasion on soil microorganisms and their seasonal dynamics. The results revealed that the soil moisture content， organic carbon， total nitrogen， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen， and the number and diversity of bacteria， fungi and actinomycetes in the patches of Euphorbia jolkinii and Ligularia dictyoneura were significantly higher than those in the patch of Poa pratensis， and Ligularia dictyoneura patch had significantly higher soil available nitrogen than Poa pratensis patch （P<0.05）. At the phylum and genus level， the composition of dominant bacteria in the three patches was similar， but the relative abundance of dominant bacteria in different patches and seasons was significantly different （P<0.05）. Compared with the patches of Poa pratensis， the Acidobacteria in the patches of Ligularia dictyoneura increased in autumn and winter， the Proteobacteria increased in summer and decreased in autumn， the Chloroflexi decreased in spring， summer and autumn， and the Ascomycota decreased in spring and winter and increased in summer， Basidiomycota decreased in spring and summer but increased inwinter. The Acidobacteria of the Euphorbia jolkinii patch decreased in summer and winter， the Proteobacteria increased in summer， autumn and winter， the Chloroflexi decreased in spring， summer and winter， the Ascomycota significantly decreased in spring and winter， and the Basidiomycota increased in spring and winter but decreased in summer （P<0.05）. The genus Archaeorhizomyces of Ligularia dictyoneura patch decreased in spring， while Hygrocybe increased in summer and winter. In the Euphorbia jolkinii patch， Archaeorhizomyces decreased in winter， while Hygrocybe increased in spring， summer and winter （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis revealed that soil pH， microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon were significantly correlated with fungi， while soil temperature and water content were significantly correlated with bacteria. The ecological functions of bacteria and fungi were mainly related to carbon cycle. In conclusion， the two invasion poisonous grass promote the spread and expansion of their populations by altering soil properties and microbial communities to form favorable environmental conditions for their growth.

This study investigated the effects of different zinc （Zn） fertilizer types of on the growth， yield， quality， and Zn enrichment of Leymus secalinus， aiming to identify optimal foliar fertilization protocols. Potted L. secalinus were treated with inorganic （ZnSO₄-7H₂O） and chelated （EDTA-Zn， referred to as E-Zn） fertilizers at Zn concentrations of 0.2， 0.4， and 0.8 mg/g. Water served as the control （CK）. A comprehensive analysis of L. secalinus indicators was conducted using the grey correlation method to identify the most suitable micro-fertilizer form and concentration for improving trace element content and overall quality. The results showed that foliar application of appropriate concentrations of ZnSO₄ and E-Zn significantly promoted the plant height and stem thickness of L. secalinus， leading to increased biomass. Both fertilizer types significantly increased contents of crude protein， ether extract and Zn （P<0.05）， while significantly reducing acidic detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber （P<0.05）， thereby improving the quality of L. secalinus. Notably， the absorption efficiency of Zn from E-Zn was significantly superior to that from ZnSO₄ at the same concentration. The comprehensive gray correlation analysis indicated that foliar spraying with E-Zn consistently outperformed ZnSO₄ across different concentrations. The optimal L. secalinus yield and quality were achieved at an E-Zn concentration of 0.4 mg/g.

To investigate the effects of plateau zokor （Eospalax baileyi） disturbance on soil stoichiometry and plant diversity，as well as changes in their interrelationships，this study established three disturbance intensities （light，moderate，and heavy），using undisturbed grassland （without zokor mounds） as the control. We assessed plant species richness and abundance，Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s diversity indices，and evenness，alongside measurements of soil organic carbon （SOC），total nitrogen （TN），and total phosphorus （TP） contents. Differences and variation patterns in plant diversity and soil stoichiometric traits across disturbance levels were analyzed to determine whether plateau zokor disturbance alters the relationship between soil stoichiometry and plant diversity. The results showed as follows： （1） Under heavy disturbance，SOC and TN contents were significantly lower than those at other disturbance intensities，while TP content was significantly lower under light disturbance compared to other treatments （P<0.05）. （2） The soil C∶P ratio under light disturbance was significantly higher than in all other treatments （P<0.01）. Similarly，the soil N∶P ratio was significantly higher than in both the control and heavy disturbance treatments （P<0.01）. However，no significant difference was observed in the soil C∶N ratio across treatments. （3） Plant species richness，Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s diversity indices，and evenness all exhibited an upward trend with increasing disturbance intensity，being significantly higher than in the control （P<0.05）. （4） In the undisturbed area，species richness was positive correlated with soil C∶N and N∶P ratios；however，these relationships were not observed under zokor disturbance. Under heavy disturbance，the relationships between species diversity indices and soil N∶P and C∶P ratios were significantly affected，with positive correlation between evenness and the N∶P ratio becoming stronger. In conclusion，plateau zokor disturbance significantly influenced SOC，TP，and TN contents，promoted higher plant species diversity，and modified the relationships between plant diversity and soil stoichiometric characteristics.

Grazing is a primary utilization of grassland ecosystems， where livestock behaviors， specifically feeding， trampling， and excrement deposition， directly or indirectly alter soil physicochemical and biological properties. These alternations， in turn， differentially affect biogeochemical processes within the grassland ecosystem. However， the mechanisms by which these behaviors influence soil greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap， this study systematically explored the emission mechanism and key influencing factors of carbon dioxide （CO₂）， methane （CH₄）， and nitrous oxide （N₂O） in grassland soil by analyzing the interactions between major grazing behaviors and soil environmental conditions. The results showed that feeding behavior can alter vegetation biomass and regulate vegetation community structure， thereby modifying exogenous carbon inputs to influencing soil CO₂ emissions. Trampling behavior impacts soil physical structure and microenvironmental conditions， which in turn affect soil aeration and microbial activity， leading to variable effects on soil respiration and associated CH₄ and CO₂ emissions. These effects are closely dependent on grassland type and trampling intensity. In contrast， dung and urine deposition increase nitrogen input to the soil and enhance N₂O emissions， primarily by altering soil chemical properties and microbial dynamics. The characteristics of the excreta， grassland type， and environmental conditions all play important roles in regulating nutrient availability and GHG emission in pastoral systems. These findings elucidate the distinct processes and potential mechanisms through which livestock behaviors affect soil GHG emissions in grassland and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing grazing management to mitigate emissions in pastoral ecosystems.

In this research， effects of varying apple pomace to citrus pulp ratios on the volatile compounds were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate the odor composition of wheat straw mixed silage. Silage was fermented for 45 days using mixtures of citrus pulp and apple pomace at mass ratios （m/m） of 0∶4 （T0）， 1∶3 （T1）， 2∶2 （T2）， 3∶1 （T3）， and 4∶0 （T4）. The water content was adjusted to approximately 65% by adding wheat straw. The results showed that the ammonia nitrogen content of T2， T3 and T4 groups was less than 5%， and there was no significant difference in silage pH and lactic acid content. Compared with T0， the relative abundance of Lactobacillus （P<0.05） in T4 was significantly higher， while relative abundances of Enterobacter and Weissella （P<0.05） were lower. The contents of esters such as ethyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate gradually increased with the increase in apple pomace mixing ratio， while the contents of terpenes such as D-limonene and α-acacia gradually decreased. The relative abundance of Enterobacter positively correlated with acetic acid， ammonia-nitrogen， and D-limonene contents （P<0.01）， and had negative correlation with lactic acid， ethyl acetate， and 2-methylbutyl acetate contents （P<0.01）. In summary， the 2∶2 mixture of apple pomace-citrus pulp improved fermentation quality and volatile compound profiles， and maximized citrus pulp utilization efficiency.

Erosion control blanket technology is a practical and environmentally friendly ecological restoration method. This article systematically reviews nearly a century of global application history of erosion control blankets. The application of erosion control blanket demonstrates significant ecological benefits for soil and water conservation，soil improvement，and vegetation restoration. Advantages of erosion control blanket in ecological restoration are illustrated as wide material availability，high construction efficiency，ease of maintenance，low cost，and environmental friendliness. Regarding challenges in erosion control blanket application such as the lack of standardization in producing，weak long-term ecological data，poor performance on difficult sites，and outdated instillation techniques and equipment，this review proposes prospects to provide theoretical foundations for advancing the sustainable application of erosion control blankets in ecological restoration. Future research will focus on establishing standardized production systems，investigating medium-to-long-term ecological effects，and developing technological process and mechanical construction equipment.

Previous studies have extensively investigated the nature of collective action problems and the roles of actor attribute in the formation of collaborative governance networks of natural resource，however，due to the difficulty of measurement，there is often limited quantitative testing of the impact of local background factors. As a rational person embedded in social relations，the development of collaborative partnership of herdsmen is often affected by the existing local formal and informal social network. This study takes Dongtan village，Menyuan county，Qinghai province as a case，and adopts the whole-village investigation method to respectively construct the formal and informal social networks among herders and the collaborative governance network of grassland resources among herders. The exponential random graph model is used to empirically test the driving effect of formal and informal social networks on the formation of the collaborative network. The results show that： （1） Collaborative networks present a distinct transfer triangle configuration，but there was no tendency of relationship centralization；（2） Informal social networks formed based on emotional relationships had a significant positive promoting effect on the formation of collaborative networks. Emotional bonds facilitated the establishment of long-term mutually beneficial and trusting relationships，reduced transaction costs and risks，and were conducive to the development of collaborative relationships among herders. Although the formal rules can effectively avoid the problem of unfair distribution of resources by imposing constrains on power and factions，the formal social network based on the organizations have not had a significant impact on the formation of pastoral collaborative networks. To strengthen the effectiveness of collaborative governance of grassland resources，it is necessary to leverage the role the key leaders in the informal social network to activate the formal social network，facilitate the establishment of more collaborative organizations similar to cooperatives，and provide new ideas，information and technologies for the informal social network through the formal social network.

This study aimed to reveal the effects of three carbendazim concentrations on physiological characteristics and bacterial community of silage maize in three maturity stages （big trumpet stage，milk stage，and dough stage）. Results showed that the net photosynthetic and transpiration rate at the big trumpet stage and dough stage decreased by 9.50 µmol/（m²·s） and 15.2 µmol/（m²·s），1.75 mmol/（m²·s） and 2.59 mmol/（m²·s），respectively （P<0.05） compared with milk stage. Compared with at the big trumpet stage and dough stage，the moisture retention capacity at the milk stage increased by 24.50% and 13.20%，respectively （P<0.05）. The numbers of aerobic bacteria，Escherichia coli，and lactic acid bacteria at the milk stage and dough stage were significantly reduced （P<0.05） compared with the big trumpet stage. The concentration of carbendazim had no significant impact on the physiological characteristics or bacterial numbers of silage maize. At the genus level，the four bacteria with the highest relative abundance were Sphingomonas，Massilia，Rhodococcus，and Frigoribacterium. Different concentrations of carbendazim significantly affected the relative abundances of Pseudonocardia，Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1，Friedmanniella，unclassified_o_Micrococcales，Luteimonas，Steroidobacter，and Acinetobacter （P<0.05）. Considering the utilization of maize silage and the need to prevent the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria，this study recommends applying low concentration carbendazim on silage maize.